AlâHoorie, A. H. (2018). The L2 motivational self system: A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(4), 721â754. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.4.2
Almohesh, A. R. I., & Al-Tamimi, J. (2024). Wow, I cannot stop: a concentration on vocabulary learning via instagram and its effects on informal digital learning of english, technostress, and on-line engagement. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01503-w
Bruen, J., & Erdocia, I. (2024). Formal and informal foreign language learning at university: blurring the boundaries. Language Learning Journal, 53(1), 84â97. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2024.2306157
Chan, N. N., Walker, C., & Gleaves, A. (2014). An exploration of studentsâ lived experiences of using smartphones in diverse learning contexts using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Computers & Education, 82, 96â106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.11.001
Cherrez, N. J. (2021). Leveraging asynchronous speaking tasks to promote willingness and confidence to speak in Spanish: A qualitative study. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 1â14. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.6657
Cho, H. J., Melloch, M. R., & LevesqueâBristol, C. (2021). Enhanced student perceptions of learning and performance using concept-point-recovery teaching sessions: a mixed-method approach. International Journal of STEM Education, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-021-00276-1
Cress, T., & Kalthoff, H. (2023). Hybrid Imbalance: Collaborative Fabrication of Digital Teaching and Learning Material. Qualitative Sociology, 46(3), 403â428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-023-09539-5
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.
http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=B VB01&doc_number=009878305&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&a mp;func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Dressman, M., & Sadler, R. W. (2019). Multimodality and Language Learning. In The Handbook of Informal Language Learning. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. . https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119472384
Fauziah, F., & Novita, D. (2023). Exploring Studentsâ Informal Digital Learning of English (IDLE) and Self-Regulated Language Learning from a Sociocultural Perspective. Indonesian TESOL Journal, 5(2), 197â214. https://doi.org/10.24256/itj.v5i2.4225
Greenhow, C., & Lewin, C. (2015). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Learning Media and Technology, 41(1), 6â30. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1064954
Guo, F., Zhang, Y., & Wu, Z. (2022). Mobile-assisted vocabulary learning through the Shanbay App outside the classroom: Effects of self-regulation and peer scaffolding. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 993224â993224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993224
Hamdan, A. H., & Saripudin, M. (2023). Designs for research, teaching, and learning: A framework for future education. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 60(5), 795â796. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2241319
Ilmi, M., Drajatı, N. A., & Putra, K. A. (2022). Linking the theory and practice: self-reflections on technology-integrated English grammar teaching. Reflective Practice, 24(2), 125â136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2022.2146080
Kormos, J., & CsizĂ©r, K. (2013). The Interaction of Motivation, SelfâRegulatory Strategies, and Autonomous Learning Behavior in Different Learner Groups. TESOL Quarterly, 48(2), 275â299. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.129
Lai, C., Chen, Q., Wang, Y., & Qi, X. (2023). Individual interest, selfâregulation, and selfâdirected language learning with technology beyond the classroom. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(1), 379â397. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13366
Lauricella, S., Craig, C. D., & Kay, R. (2024). Examining the Benefits and Challenges of Using Discord in Online Higher Education Classrooms. Journal of Educational Informatics, 4(2), 20â31. https://doi.org/10.51357/jei.v4i2.225
Lee, J. S., & Drajatı, N. A. (2019). Affective variables and informal digital learning of English: Keys to willingness to communicate in a second language. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5177
Lee, J. S., & Lee, K. (2020). The role of informal digital learning of English and L2 motivational self system in foreign language enjoyment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 358â373. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12955
Lier, L. van. (2010). The ecology of language learning: Practice to theory, theory to practice. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 3, 2â6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.005
Liu, G., & Hossain, M. K. (2026). What Predicts ( AI âMediated) Informal Digital Learning of English in the Global South? The Case of Rural Bangladeshi Students. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 42(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcal.70196
Liu, G., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, R. (2023). Examining the relationships among motivation, informal digital learning of English, and foreign language enjoyment: An explanatory mixed-method study. ReCALL, 36(1), 72â88. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344023000204
Long, L., & Kim, M. (2024). It is like a friend to me: Critical usage of automated feedback systems by self-regulating English learners in higher education. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.8821
Maghfiroh, A., Styati, E. W., Fachriza, A., Khoiriyah, K., Simpol, W., Syaputra, R. A., & Lathifah, L. (2023). Future-Ready Educators: Assessing Digital Competence and Teaching Preparedness Among Prospective Teachers in the 21st Century. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE), 6(1), 47â61. https://doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v6i1.23081
Naser, K. (2024). Tech-Enhanced Learning. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 18(6), 67â83. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v18i06.46187
Nikolov, D., Oliveira, D. F. M., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2015). Measuring online social bubbles. PeerJ Computer Science, 1. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.38
Oportus-Torres, R., Contreras-Soto, Y., Sanhueza-Campos, C., Albornoz, J. M., Pérez-Villalobos, C., & Quintanilla-Espinoza, A. (2024). Self-regulated learning and engagement through emergency remote teaching in EFL undergraduate students. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1416507
Staddon, R. V. (2023). Exploring Higher Education Studentsâ Perspectives on Factors Affecting Use, Attitudes and Confidence with Learning Technologies. International Journal of Instruction, 16(2), 31â52. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.1623a
Supraptiningsih, N., & Aji, I. S. (2026). The Low Connection Between Informal Digital Learning of English and Willingness to Communicate: Investigating the âScrolling Phenomenonâ and Speaking Challenges among EFL Vocational Students. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 8(1), 347â377. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v8i1.347-377
YotâDomĂnguez, C., & GarcĂa, C. M. (2017). University studentsâ self-regulated learning using digital technologies. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0076-8
Zhang, H., Du, L., Luo, S., Xun, H., Yang, A., & Tang, Y. (2025). Unlocking EFL achievement through informal digital learning: the mediating roles of anxiety and enjoyment among school-age students in the Chinese mainland. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-025-00352-x
Zhang, Y., & Liu, G. (2022). Revisiting informal digital learning of English (IDLE): a structural equation modeling approach in a university EFL context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(7), 1904â1936. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2022.2134424
Zheng, Y., & Xiao, A. (2024). A structural equation model of online learning: investigating self-efficacy, informal digital learning, self-regulated learning, and course satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1276266
Zimbico, O. J., & Manuel, A. (2021). The Methodological Consistency of Masterâs of Education Dissertations at Eduardo Mondlane University (2013 - 2018). International Journal of African Higher Education, 8(3), 1â23. https://doi.org/10.6017/ijahe.v8i3.14157